The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994. Further research is warranted to determine which patients with coronary artery disease are most susceptible to sudden death from cardiac causes after a stressful event and what other kinds of triggers may be involved. Of the 13 people with atherosclerotic heart disease who had premonitory symptoms before dying suddenly, 10 (77 percent) were reported to have had chest pain (Table 2). Nun bebte die Erde weiter östlich in einer Wüstenregion von Südkalifornien. There was a decline in number of sudden deaths on each of the six days after the earthquake(z = 1.73, P = 0.084). The earthquake had a … im Namen der Konföderalen Fraktion der Vereinigten Europäischen Linken/Nordische Grüne Linke zu den Überschwemmungen in Mosambik (B4-0205/97). To calculate the relative risk of death from a specific cause, we constructed two-by-two tables; 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated for relative risks.19. Which Genes for Hereditary Breast Cancer? Das letzte größere Erdbeben mit einer Stärke von 6,7 schreckte Los Angeles 1994 auf. Circadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham Heart Study population. Grüne Linke zum Erdbeben im Nordiran (B4-0265/97); -Correia u.a. Der Spitzenwert der Oberflächenbeschleunigung (Peak ground acceleration) war der höchste jemals in einer städtischen Umgebung gemessene Wert in Nordamerika. We assumed that the sample sizes were large enough to use the normal distribution in calculating the two-tailed P values for these tests. Es erwies sich allerdings, dass einige Einzelheiten der Vorschriften nicht so gut an die beim Northridge-Erdbeben auftretenden Kräfte angepasst waren, so dass die Bauvorschriften im Anschluss an das Beben überarbeitet wurden. Der Spitzenwert der Oberflächenbeschleunigung (Peak ground acceleration) war der höchste jemals in einer städtischen Umgebung gemessene Wert in Nordamerika. Das Erdbeben hatte eine hohe Magnitude von 6,7 Mw und erreichte auf der Mercalliskala die Stufe IX (verwüstend). Muller, Tofler, Willich, and their associates4-6 have suggested that both the act of waking and emotional or physical stress can trigger the onset of cardiac events, perhaps by stimulating the release of catecholamines and hypercoagulability factors that may contribute to the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent coronary-artery thrombosis.11,20 Such a triggering mechanism is likely to have played a part in the increased number of sudden deaths and deaths associated with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease on the day of the Northridge earthquake. Vor 20 Jahren: Erdbeben in Los Angeles Dutzende Tote und Schäden in Milliardenhöhe (Montag, 17.01.1994) Am Montag hat gegen 13:31 Uhr MEZ (= 04:31 Uhr Ortszeit) ein schweres Erdbeben den Süden Kaliforniens erschüttert. Lancet 1983;1:441-444, 13. This pattern — a sharp increase in the number of deaths, followed by a decrease — suggests that the earthquake precipitated death among people who were at risk of dying during the week of the earthquake. Over half the deaths related to atherosclerosis on the day of the earthquake (13 of 24) occurred between midnight and 6 a.m., whereas only 3 of 32 deaths (9 percent) during the seven days before the earthquake occurred during this period (P = 0.002). 57 Menschen kamen dabei ums Leben, 12.000 Personen wurden verletzt. in70mm.com - The 70mm Newsletter, a unique internet based magazine, with articles about 70mm cinemas, 70mm films, 70mm sound, 70mm film credits, 70mm history and 70mm technology. Hälfte des 20. Characteristics of 25 People with Witnessed Sudden Death Due to Cardiac Causes on the Day of the Earthquake. Click on an earthquake on the above map for a zoomed-in view. On the other hand, tectonic – or natural – earthquakes are able to cause distress to mine openings and open cast mines which may lead to instable situations. NEW! Disc Jockey Rick Dees and the station matched the $15,000 and gave Smith another car. This similarity suggests that the increase in the number of deaths on the day of the earthquake occurred among people already at risk of death from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Lancet 1993;341:965-966, 18. Only one case of sudden death due to cardiac causes on January 17, 1994, occurred before 4:31 a.m., the time the earthquake began (Table 2, Case 19). Of the 51 deaths from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease on the day of the earthquake, 24 (47 percent) were witnessed sudden deaths. The circumstances in these cases suggested strongly that sudden death was associated with the earthquake; most of the victims were found dead within the first four hours after the earthquake. Die meisten Schulgebäude widerstanden dem Erdbeben hingegen gut. Concise summaries and expert physician commentary that busy clinicians need to enhance patient care. USA – Ein moderates Erdbeben hat am Donnerstag (30. Circulation 1989;80:853-858, February 15, 1996N Engl J Med 1996; 334:413-419 Figure 4 shows the distribution of the times of day when sudden death occurred (as noted on the death certificates or in the victims' medical records) on the day of the earthquake and during the seven days before the earthquake. The U.S. Geological Survey recorded an earthquake late Friday with a preliminary magnitude of 7.1 about 11 miles from Ridgecrest in the Mojave desert and 123 north of Los Angeles. Das Northridge-Erdbeben ereignete sich am 17. Blind thrust earthquakes occur because of Thrust Fault which is not visible on the surface. Amerika Haus Berlin. Das Erdbeben ereignete sich im San Fernando Valley etwa 31 km nordwestlich des Stadtzentrums von Los Angeles in der Nähe der Gemeinde Northridge.Das Epizentrum des Bebens lag im Stadtteil Reseda, nahe der Kreuzung des Reseda Boulevards und der Saticoy Street. Der Sachschaden wurde auf 20 Milliarden Dollar geschätzt, es war damit eine der teuersten Naturkatastrophen in den USA. Trotz der Nähe der Region zur San-Andreas-Verwerfung ereignete sich das Beben nicht auf dieser Störung, sondern auf einer vorher unentdeckten, nicht an der Oberfläche sichtbaren (blinden) Überschiebung. Januar 1994 erschütterte ein Erdbeben der Stärke 6,7 die Stadt Los Angeles. Die Zunahme der Krankheitsfälle wird mit der Aufwirbelung von Staub durch vom Beben ausgelöste Erdrutsche erklärt. Circadian variation in the frequency of sudden cardiac death. Morning peak in ventricular tachyarrhythmias detected by time of implantable cardioverter/defibrillator therapy. The most trusted, influential source of new medical knowledge and clinical best practices in the world. The administration of drugs, such as beta-adrenergic–blocking agents and aspirin, to patients who are at high risk because of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease might be beneficial. Thus, we estimate that there were 1.9 fewer deaths per day during the six days after the earthquake than there would otherwise have been. In den acht auf das Erdbeben folgenden Wochen war die Anzahl der Krankheitsfälle (203) fast zehnmal höher als sonst, und drei Personen starben an der Krankheit. Das letzte größere Erdbeben mit einer Stärke von 6,7 schreckte Los Angeles 1994 auf. Am J Cardiol 1987;60:801-806, 9. In 2006 SCEC Annual Meeting Abstracts, page 72, Los Angeles, CA, 2006. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 20. Med J Aust 1991;155:757-761, 15. There were 18 men (75 percent; age, 64.0±11.8 years) and 6 women (25 percent; age, 80.0±8.8 years; P = 0.006 for the comparison between the sexes). Der Name hielt sich, zum Teil wegen der ausgedehnten Schäden und der Opfer in Northridge. These observations suggest that the occurrence of sudden death due to cardiac causes after the earthquake was related to an increase in incidence of ischemic episodes21 and serious arrhythmias.22, Another important limitation is the fact that most of the people who died suddenly on the day of the earthquake were not examined by autopsy. Muller JE, Abela GS, Nesto RW, Tofler GH. DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199602153340701, Tap into groundbreaking research and clinically relevant insights. The Northridge earthquake provided an unusual opportunity to study features of the relation between emotional stress and the triggering of sudden death due to cardiac causes. The most effective and engaging way for clinicians to learn, improve their practice, and prepare for board exams. Northridge earthquake of 1994 Building collapsed as a result of the earthquake Beim Einsturz der Kreuzung kam der LAPD-Polizist Clarence W. Dean ums Leben, der auf Motorradstreife nach Süden unterwegs war. Thus, a reasonable strategy for the prevention of sudden death would be to interrupt the linkage between a trigger and the event. This earthquake in Los Angeles is one of the examples of blind thrust earthquakes. Das Loma-Prieta-Erdbeben ereignete sich am 17. Recent studies have presented evidence that early to mid‐twentieth‐century earthquakes in Oklahoma and Texas were likely induced by fossil fuel production and/or injection of wastewater (Hough and Page, 2015; Frohlich et al., 2016). Rumboldt Z, Giunio L, Miric D, Polic S, Bozic I, Tonkic A. War-stress-induced medical emergencies in south Croatia. Quick, Easy Booking Das Erdbeben. Das Beben erreichte nach Angaben des amerikanischen Erdbebendienstes die Stärke 6,7. Der Spitzenwert der Oberflächenbeschleunigung war der höchste jemals in einer städtischen Umgebung gemessene Wert in Nordamerika. These investigators found a significantly higher incidence of myocardial infarction, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, and sudden death due to cardiac causes in the morning hours than at other times of day,6-10 and they have suggested that these events may be triggered by increases in adrenergic activity, heart rate, systemic arterial pressure, and blood coagulability that occur in the morning.6-8,11. Chi-square tests or two-tailed Fisher's exact tests were used to compare categorical data. Belmont, Calif.: Lifetime Learning, 1982:299. Das Zentrum lag 250 Kilometer nordöstlich von Los Angeles - bis dorthin war es zu spüren. Juli) die Metropolregion Los Angeles in Kalifornien erschüttert. Continuous variables, such as age, were compared by means of t-tests. On the day of the earthquake (January 17, 1994), there was a sharp rise in the number of deaths related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (n = 51; relative risk, 2.6; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.8 to 3.7). Der Sachschaden wurde auf 20 Milliarden Dol… [3] Die betroffenen Häuser konnten deshalb nicht nur die Versorgung der Umgebung nicht gewährleisten, ihre Patienten mussten darüber hinaus in andere, noch funktionierende Krankenhäuser verlegt werden. Januar 2005 erdbebensicher umgerüstet werden mussten. Als die Kreuzung ein Jahr später wieder aufgebaut war, wurde sie ihm zu Ehren Clarence Wayne Dean Memorial Interchange genannt. In Los Angeles, about 150 miles south of Ridgecrest, residents felt the quakes, but no reports of serious damage were made, Mayor Eric Garcetti said. Ridker PM, Manson JE, Buring JE, Muller JE, Hennekens CH. Schäden traten bis in eine Entfernung von 125 km auf. Einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die in Bezug auf die Stärke des Bebens relativ geringen Schäden hatten die Bauvorschriften, die wegen der bekannten Erdbebenhäufigkeit in Kalifornien spezielle Bauweisen und Gebäudeverstärkungen vorschreiben, damit Gebäude den meisten Erdbeben weitgehend schadlos widerstehen können. The majority of damage in the Los Angeles area involved items which had fallen off shelves. The hypothesis that such triggering occurred is supported by our observation of a 35 percent increase in the number of hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction in 72 coronary care units in southern California in the week after the earthquake.21 In another study, we detected an increase in the number of episodes of ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation among patients with implantable cardioverter–defibrillators during the two weeks after the earthquake.22 The precipitation of myocardial ischemia and serious arrhythmias by emotional stress is the most likely underlying mechanism for these observations. Mortality in Israel during the Gulf war -- initial observations. (W.K.P.). Es erreichte nach Angaben des United States Geological Survey Magnitude 4.2.Neun Minuten später folgte ein Nachbeben der Stärke 3.3. These age and sex characteristics were similar to those of the people who died during the week before the earthquake and during the control periods (age, 69.8±13.6 years; 62 percent male). From this number we subtracted the average number of sudden deaths that did occur per day in the six days after the earthquake (2.7). Greater Los Angeles Area, California. Heart attacks and the Newcastle earthquake. Der Newhall Pass Interchange, die Kreuzung der Interstate 5 und der California State Route 14, stürzte ein, wie dies auch schon 23 Jahre vorher beim San-Fernando-Erdbeben von 1971 geschehen war, obwohl das Autobahnkreuz mit verstärkten Bauteilen neu errichtet worden war.[4]. There were also large surface fissures. Willich SN, Levy D, Rocco MB, Tofler GH, Stone PH, Muller JE. Triggering and hourly variation of onset of arterial thrombosis. The effect of atherosclerosis on the vasomotor response of coronary arteries to mental stress. Muller JE, Tofler GH. Table 2 shows the characteristics of the 25 persons who died suddenly. There were 17 additional cases of possible (unwitnessed) sudden death due to cardiac causes on the day of the earthquake. During the six days after the earthquake, the number of sudden deaths declined to below the base-line value, to an average of 2.7±1.2 per day. Home to 1.77 million people, it is north of the larger, more populous Los Angeles Basin. 3.5 magnitude earthquake. Various interconnected people struggle to survive when an earthquake of unimaginable magnitude hits Los Angeles, California. 19. Br Heart J 1985;53:363-373, 25. [6], Vor dem Northridge-Erdbeben wurde angenommen, dass ein entsprechend ausgelegter Dämpfungsmechanismus, der in Vorrichtungen zur Vibrationskontrolle von Gebäuden eingebaut wird, Vibrationen und Schwankungen des Gebäudes wirkungsvoll unterdrückt und somit zur Erdbebensicherheit des Gebäudes beiträgt. Oktober 1989 um 17:04 Uhr Ortszeit in der Bucht von San Francisco.Es erreichte eine Stärke von M s 7,1 und dauerte 15 Sekunden. Government Leaders and Prioritization of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines, Vaccinating Children against Covid-19 — The Lessons of Measles, Beyond Tuskegee — Vaccine Distrust and Everyday Racism, Covid-19 Vaccine Injuries — Preventing Inequities in Compensation, Addressing Child Hunger When School Is Closed — Considerations during the Pandemic and Beyond. Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Zavitsanos X, Tzonou A, Dalla-Vorgia P. Psychological stress and fatal heart attack: the Athens (1981) earthquake natural experiment. Das Epizentrum des Northridge-Erdbebens lag im Stadtteil Reseda im San Fernando Valley. Daily numbers of Sudden Deaths Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease from January 10 through23, 1994. Figure 3 shows the number of sudden deaths related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease each day from January 10 through January 23, 1994. Berichte über erhebliche Schäden lagen aber nicht vor. On January 17, 1994, at 4:31 a.m., Los Angeles County was jolted by an earthquake centered near Northridge, California — one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in a major city in North America.1,2 In this unusual situation, millions of people were awakened simultaneously at 4:31 a.m. by a life-threatening situation; the earthquake created a “natural experiment,” providing a rare opportunity to investigate features of the relation between emotional stress and sudden death due to cardiac causes. @inproceedings{bailey05, author = {Bailey, I. and Becker, T. W. and Ben-Zion, Y. Science 1994;266:389-397. Circadian variation of acute myocardial infarction and the effect of low-dose aspirin in a randomized trial of physicians. 2. The length of time between the trigger (the earthquake) and sudden death was, in most of the cases, less than an hour. Im Bereich von Riverside, östlich von Los Angeles, scheint die Gefahr besonders hoch zu sein. Elf Krankenhäuser wurden durch das Erdbeben beschädigt oder waren danach sogar unbrauchbar. Prepare to become a physician, build your knowledge, lead a health care organization, and advance your career with NEJM Group information and services. These investigators, however, studied total mortality due to cardiac causes. Because of this trigger, they died a few days earlier. The final criterion (exclusion of other lethal diseases) was required for the determination of death from atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The articles are by invitation and often written by subscribers or guest writers. Mehrere Geschäftsgebäude stürzten ein, und unter den weiteren Schäden ist der Zusammenbruch der Anzeigetafel des Anaheim Stadiums zu nennen, die über mehreren hundert (glücklicherweise leeren) Zuschauersitzen zusammenfiel. Größere Schäden an Autobahnen traten bis in eine Entfernung von 32 km vom Epizentrum auf. Concurrent morning increase in platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. Muller JE, Ludmer PL, Willich SN, et al. Preliminary results of other studies we are conducting provide further support for our conclusions in the present study. In two thirds of the cases related to atherosclerosis (16 of 24), symptoms developed or the victim died immediately or within the first hour after the earthquake. Identifying these high-risk patients and defining potential triggers will help in the development of strategies to prevent sudden death due to cardiac causes. The Northridge earthquake was a significant trigger of sudden death due to cardiac causes, independently of physical exertion. San Francisco und Los Angeles, natürlich bezogen auf Erdbeben-, aber auch viele [...] andere Städte, vor allem in ... 1989 auf sowie vor dem in Los Angeles 1994. pbme-online.org. We reviewed the daily mortality figures and determined the underlying causes of death, the age, and the sex of all persons whose deaths were investigated by the Los Angeles County coroner's office for the seven-day period before the earthquake (January 10 through 16, 1994), the day of the Northridge earthquake (January 17, 1994), and the six days thereafter (January 18 through 23, 1994); we obtained similar data for the corresponding period (January 10 through 23) in 1991, 1992, and 1993. Times of Sudden Deaths Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease on the Day of the Earthquake and the Seven Days before the Earthquake. Public Library Los Angeles, Museo de la Ciudad de Mexico, INFO BOX Berlin. The direct association between the earthquake and the onset of sudden death due to cardiac causes was further supported by other findings. [1] 57 Menschen starben und mehr als 9.000 wurden verletzt. Not surprisingly, trauma was the second most frequent cause of death assigned by the coroner (n = 29). Twenty-four of the 25 subjects had either risk factors for or a history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Das Erdbeben ereignete sich im San Fernando Valley etwa 31 km nordwestlich des Stadtzentrums von Los Angeles in der Nähe der Gemeinde Northridge. Isr J Med Sci 1991;27:627-630, 17. As expected, there was a significant increase in the number of deaths due to trauma (n = 29) on the day of the earthquake (relative risk, 6.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 2.7 to 13.5). To quantify that fraction, we used the average number of sudden deaths per day in the seven days before the earthquake (4.6) to estimate the average number of deaths that would have occurred each day from January 18 through January 23, 1994, if the earthquake had not occurred. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesized that under ordinary circumstances a certain fraction of sudden deaths are initiated by a triggering mechanism. A few observational studies12-18 have investigated mortality from cardiac causes after stressful events, with conflicting results. Erdbeben san francisco 1994. Die genaue Bestimmung der Lage des Epizentrums zog sich über einige Tage hin, so dass in der Zwischenzeit der von den Medien geprägte Name „Northridge-Erdbeben“ gebräuchlich wurde. Information, resources, and support needed to approach rotations - and life as a resident. Danenberg HD, Lerman Y, Steinlauf S, et al. Circulation 1995;92:Suppl I:I-606 abstract. JAMA 1995;273:1208-1210. Los Angeles je ve velkém nebezpečí a jen hrstka lidí ví, jak katastrofu zastavit. 20. Human Work – Kultur 2000: Leipzig, Granada, Resita, Ravenna 3. The Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County did not investigate all deaths in Los Angeles County but, rather, cases in several defined categories. Muller JE, Stone PH, Turi ZG, et al. Figure 5 shows the number of deaths due to trauma for each day from January 10 through January 23 in 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. [5] Im San Fernando Valley wurden verschiedentlich Haupt-Gas- und Wasserleitungen durchtrennt, so dass in einigen Straßen Flammen durch das Wasser schlugen. Daily numbers of Deaths Found to Be Related to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease from January 10 through 23, 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994. Zusätzlich wurden Schäden durch Erdrutsche und Feuer verursacht. 17. The January 17, 1994 Los Angeles earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction. Tofler GH, Gebara OCE, Mittleman MA, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994;23:809-813, 6. Causes of Deaths on the Day of the Northridge Earthquake (January 17, 1994) That Were Investigated by the Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County. MURALART – Los Angeles, Berlin, Mexico-City, Foto Doku. Weiterhin wurden große Anstrengungen unternommen, Straßenüberführungen gegen Schüttelbewegungen zu verstärken. Kark JD, Goldman S, Epstein L. Iraqi missile attacks on Israel: the association of mortality with life-threatening stressor. Das Beben am frühen Donnerstagmorgen hatte sein Epizentrum.. Das letzte größere Erdbeben mit einer Stärke von 6,7 schreckte Los Angeles 1994 auf. Die meisten davon wurden im Westen des San Fernando Valleys registriert, ebenso in den Städten Santa Monica, Simi Valley und Santa Clarita. Dabei bauen sich gewaltige Spannungen in der Erdkruste auf, die sich in Erdbeben entladen können. The Northridge earthquake was an earthquake that occurred on January 17, 1994 in Reseda, a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, lasting for about 10–20 seconds. Der Spitzenwert der Oberflächenbeschleunigung (Peak ground acceleration) war der höchste jemals in einer städtischen Umgebung gemessene Wert in Nordamerika. Das Erdbeben hatte eine hohe Magnitude von 6,7 Mw und erreichte auf der Mercalliskala die Stufe IX (verwüstend). Das Northridge-Erdbeben hatte eine Reihe von Gesetzesänderungen zur Folge. In the absence of a major stressor, such as an earthquake, therefore, 41 percent (1.9 ÷ 4.6) of sudden deaths may be related to triggers. The Department of Coroner of Los Angeles County investigates cases of sudden, unexpected death, the deaths of persons who did not visit a physician in the 20-day period before they died, deaths not from natural causes, and cases in which the family doctor refuses to sign a death certificate. 57 Menschen kamen dabei ums Leben, 12.000 Personen wurden verletzt. Januar 1994 erschütterte ein Erdbeben der Stärke 6,7 die Stadt Los Angeles. The 1994 Northridge earthquake triggered shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillators. Eines mit der Stärke 7,5 oder mehr wird mit 46-prozentiger Wahrscheinlichkeit angegeben. These drugs have been shown to prevent the onset of myocardial ischemia25,26 and may protect high-risk patients from the adverse effects of stress. Myerburg RJ, Castellanos A. Cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. Philadelphia: W.B.

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