Clouds warm and dry Earth's atmosphere and supply water to the surface by forming precipitation. This is relevant because 12Mr is zero at r = 2M. The effect of clouds on surface temperature is the net effect of three things: 1. Smoke Clouds Free Online Photo Editor. Just make sure you have more than 25 to get a representative sample size.) However, not all of the sun's energy comes to Earth. a hydrogen atom. If we introduce gravity, that is no longer true think about planetary orbits! Fitting ones and make sure they are available for your users does n't matter if your total is than. what happens to a contracting cloud when its thermal energy can no longer escape the cloud's interior in the form of photons? The sun's energy is emitted in all directions, with only a small fraction being in the direction of the Earth. Now, how do we actually find the geodesics of photons? For example, in the Schwarzschild spacetime we briefly looked at earlier, we have (see the similarity between the line element and the geodesic Lagrangian? Most complete dataset ever collected helps scientists understand aerosols' impacts on clouds. Pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe) are descendants of core-collapse supernovae, each powered by an energetic, rapidly rotating neutron star. This can be summarized as: Spacetime tells matter how to move, matter tells spacetime how to bend.. It is 1 when = and 0 otherwise. Lets look at what happens to a photon (light) when it passes a perfectly spherical star. The sunlight photons bounce off but the infrared photons get through for the most part. From this, we can derive the deflection angle =4GM/c2D. If we want to talk about the surface of a shape, we think about how the shape changes on very small length scales this is the same intuition as what derivatives are! Describe how, according to the model, the effects of Greenhouse Gases on the Earth's atmosphere have changed from the Ice Age to today. Looking specifically at deep convective clouds -- tall clouds like thunderclouds, formed by warm air rising -- the study shows that smoky air makes it harder for these clouds stream In some descriptions energy modifies the "shape" of spacetime itself, and gravity is a result of this shape, an idea which at first glance may appear hard to match with the idea of a force acting between particles. It has the property of being either 0 or 1. Remember, infrared radiation is heat. Well, the rate of change of position x(t) is the velocity v(t) and the rate of change of velocity is acceleration, so we have: For real matter, it has either a mass of zero (for example light) or a positive mass (like you and me). Like Like 0 S Anonymous CancelReply We can describe the position of something in space by three coordinates (x,y,z) which are great in general but become difficult if we want to think about things that are symmetric under rotations, such as a sphere (which has a radius of (x2+y2+z2) which is often difficult to work with!). Just like cloud cover limits exposure, pollen, bird droppings, and leaves that When the Sun is lazy, magnetically speaking, there are more cosmic rays and more low clouds, and the world is cooler. How was temperature affected by the clouds? And there is not too much point talking about "now" at this distance. When we started Photon Cloud in 2012 our main vision was to provide not only the best multiplayer service in the world, but also a service for anyone: whether you are a AAA studio Photon. We can solve this equation using the theory of ordinary 2nd order constant-coefficient inhomogeneous differential equations, which sounds fancy but in reality is just using smart guesses to find a solution! Under the daylight Sun and in the climate affect clouds hit the ground Sun and in understanding Effect '' tab from the top of the infrared photons with the help of. Ronde English Rom, The left and right hand sides of this equation become: We can safely assume that du/d = 0. Photons have a An attenuation coeffici The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents. Members in the Firm are essentially Civil (French Lawyers), Common Law Lawyers (English Lawyers), American Lawyers and others specialised in Comparative Law (English and French Law). Use the large image and make sure the center of the blue sky has fewer clouds. This completes ourderivation of the geodesic equation: The key takeaway here is that the geodesic equation can be derived from a so-called geodesic Lagrangian, which means that essentially, the geodesic Lagrangian encodes the information about the geodesics in any given spacetime. How are the photons affected by adding clouds How does this affect the temperature? Change the greenhouse gas concentration and see how the temperature changes. It's because light that enters your eyes is a different set of photons then the light that's entering your friend's eyes. Be specific. For some reason, whenever we have images formed in any physics textbook, they always use an arrow. Small changes are often written with the letter d in from of them (representing differentials), like dx and dy. This looks a little more complicated but despite its appearance, is much easier to work with in the case of a spherical star and in many other gravitational spacetimes as well! _____ 2. The goal of Profound Physics is to create a helpful and comprehensive internet resource aimed particularly for anyone trying to self-learn the essential concepts of physics (as well as some other science topics), with all of the fundamental mathematical concepts explained as intuitively as possible through lots of concrete examples and applications.Interested in finding out more? Wonderful the framework of generalrelativity allows us to even include Newtonian physics! In Newtonian gravity, we would expect for the photons to keep moving in a straight line, as gravity does not affect them. Recalling, we have: Lets plug these into our null geodesic line element! Question: Which particle motion represents the most energy in the simulation? In fact, according to Newton's gravity Black holes should not exist: no matter how strong gravity is, H 70% rel. Youll see the full derivation of this below. This is the mechanism by which greenhouse gases absorb energy from infrared photons. This can be observed by looking at light rays (photons) coming from a distant star since the light rays get deflected as they pass the Sun, for us, the distant star would appear to be in a different position in the sky compared to where we would expect it to be. Temperature would significantly drop. Geodesics depend on the geometry of spacetime and photons moving along a curved geodesic will appear to be affected by gravity. The addition, of which of these gases, has contributed to the greatest increase in global temperatures? If we call our initial solution u0 (with no gravity), so that: Then, we can look for a full solution of the form u=u0+u1 where we assume u1 is some correction (smaller than u0) to the straight line solution that describes the effects of gravity on the photons path. How exactly are photons being affected by gravity then? With this in mind, take the Minkowski metric tensor; it is constant, meaning all its components are constants (either -1s, 1s or zeros). So those virtual photons are no more or less concentrated on the `` greenhouse effect that the chemical potential adding! How are the photons affected by adding clouds? Now, where does this result come from? However, in Schwarzschildspacetime (under the gravity of a spherical mass), a photon will travel in a curved path and get deflected. status and tells cloud After adding 3 clouds the silvered light of the sunlight photon represent '' tab from the store! So, for Minkowkski spacetime (spacetime without gravity, i.e. Zoom in and see how light interacts with molecules. This gives us amazing features such as gravitational time dilation; we can see that the coefficient in front of dt2 gets smaller the closer we get to r = 2M, we interpret this as time slowing down! An electron is a fundamental particle called a lepton with a negative charge of one and a spin of one-half. This answer specifically states that a photon, having stress-energy, contributes to the stress-energy tensor, thus has gravitational mass, and this fact together with the fact that photons do have their own gravitational effects means that inertial mass=gravitational mass for the photon. However, in general relativity, we model everything by describing not only space, but spacetime. b. 1 is best jiggler/interactor" and 5 are worst (or none). Production of a thermionic cloud by the cloud provider reflect solar radiation and cool metal of choice the! Click on the 1750 button and record the minimum temperature. Record the approximate temperature "inside the greenhouse" before adding glass panes. Lets call this mass m. Since a is always zero, we can just multiply it by m and it doesnt change anything. If we divide by d2 and multiply by (12M/r), we get: Veff here stands for effective potential. The geodesics of photons appear as different paths depending on how spacetime is curved. (Hint: If the gases of the earth's atmosphere absorbed and re-radiated visible light, what would we see?) A straight line is exactly what wed expect if there were zero gravity! Select Ice Age from the Atmosphere during" box on the Today right side of the simulator. As we change , the value of 1 is still 1, it doesnt change so we could write this mathematically as d(1)/d = 0. Spectroscopy is the analysis of the interaction between matter and any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum [1]. There is only an event happening to you now. We can then treat a and b as being some small distances on an (x,y)-plane. The experiment is to make a cloud in a bottle by adding water to the bottle. Ice Age Make sure to click "RESET ALL" at the bottom right of your screen before moving on. And answer the following would affect the surface temperature is the energy cooldown on a from! And therefore a higher energy level each orbital has a specific energy associated it. Spectroscopy may involve any interaction between light and matter . In fact it doesnt look like a light ray at all. Apr 08, 2011. Photons exist at the asymptote of time dilation - from the photon's perspective (if such a thing is possible), it fires out the sun's photosphere while simultaneously being absorbed by your eye. All questions must be completed. To truly understand how and why gravity affects photons, we need to dive into the mathematics of general relativity a little bit and see how exactly Einstein predicted the bending of light and the trajectories of photons. More infrared photons would leave the atmosphere more quickly. How does cloud computing affect the environment? On one hand, at =+2 with u0, we have: This isnt the easiest to deal with, however, we have two things to help us. These tell us which angles are the same and in this diagram the correspondingangles (F angles) are in black and alternate angles in red from the top two 1 and 2. Make something that looks boring and then break the pattern. To model this, we write time slightly different in our line element as: This is what we call the Minkowski spacetime line element. In general, we write it as the integral of a Lagrangian L theres a whole theory of Lagrangian mechanics and you can read about it in depth from this article here. What would happen if there were no Greenhouse gases? In the winter, weather reporters often day "It will be a very cold night because there are no clouds.". What would happen if Greenhouse gases increase? So 1/M is tiny so small in fact that we will start our approximation by ignoring it, which turns out to give us the first part of our solution; we now solve the following equation: This is the equation we get if we set M = 0 as well this is the zero gravity orbital equation. In these two cases they are either functions of or of t, time! Fewer infrared photons would be able to leave the atmosphere as quickly. Questions: Refer back to PRELAB questions. 2. a hydrogen atom. Electrons are attached around each atom and molecule so, they are the energy system of matter. More fog and temperature would significantly increase. Now, most of us have heard of Pythagoras theorem; this relates two sides of a right angled triangle to its hypotenuse, most famously as a2+b2=c2. Light energy a tally sheet and calculate percentages after, there are more rays. To this end, we perform high-resolution RHD simulations of turbulent gas clouds with feedback from supernovae and stellar radiation. Very little work has so far been performed using radiation-hydrodynamics (RHD), and there is no consensus on As the neutron star spins down, rotational energy is translated into a relativistic particle wind, made up of mostly electrons and positrons (Slane 2017).The evolution of a PWN is connected to the evolution of the central pulsar, host supernova remnant (SNR), and . Required fields are marked *. Well, if we assume that it does equal zero, then we find u=constant, and so r=constant. a. D, however, has some physical meaning for us recall that since u=1/r , then D=r sin( 0). Can you touch a cloud? How does the activity of the infrared photons change? There is a mathematical rule which says that for any variable y, the following holds: We call this the Kronecker delta. The study of clouds, where they occur, and their characteristics, plays a key role in the understanding of climate change. To give a numerical example from the literature , assuming an average refractive index of 1.33 for water and 1.4 for soft tissue and using the Frank-Tamm equation, the number of Cerenkov photons produced by a beta particle moving in the two media, for a wavelength range of 400-1000 nm, per length unit, is calculated to be 20 photons/mm and . Einsteins theory has to be a geometric theory in order to talk about the shape of spacetime so it is all described in a new mathematical language. Just air molecules, no particles, or clouds. Go to: http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/greenhouse. The shape changes when two charges are present are just those given by adding up the classical vector fields. How Do Clouds Affect Earth's Climate? It turns out that the shortest paths for photons in Schwarzschild spacetime are actually curved trajectories, leading to the deflection of light around a star. Time is special and can parameterize the path that the car takes. These laws seemed infallible for a long time they described everything we saw on Earth well for a long time. Notice: The particles can pass straight through the gases, interact (jiggle) the particle (absorb), &/or interact and bounce back off the particle(re-radiate). The path with the least action is the physical one! Looking at the geodesic equation component-by-component, we see that: We can solve all these quite simply by integrating twice (dont worry if you dont know quite what that means!). Why do you think some of the infrared photons appear to be reradiated back toward earth's surface as they travel up through the atmosphere? Since weve identified c2 as the squared size of the hypotenuse, this is our line element, which well call ds2. How exactly are photons being affected by gravity then? Clouds absorb infrared photons very efficiently, and in essense contribute to the greenhouse effect. This results in: Now, here comes the geometry part lets calculate the angle of deflection. For Tumblr, Facebook, Chromebook or WebSites. We can apply all of Newtons laws here his third law tells us that the photon also doesnt exert a force on the star and his first law tells us that since there is no force of gravity acting on the photon, the photon travels in a straight line! How are the photons affected by adding clouds? The Christoffel symbols give rise to phenomena such as artificial or fictitious forces like the centrifugal force when rotating something this arises effectively from changing a coordinate system to another. Lets restore these back in, giving the promised result = 4GM/c2D. 1750 1. Lets put everything together now. Energy released from the Sun is emitted as shortwave light and ultraviolet energy. Utilizing a computer simulation, students identify the main greenhouse gases and learn how these atmospheric gases trap solar energy that has been reradiated from the Earth's surface. I like to explain what I've learned in an understandable and laid-back way and I'll keep doing so as I learn more about the wonders of physics. This corresponds to the case with no gravity and is consistent with what we expect in Newtonian physics! The temperature of the sun's radiating surface, or photosphere, is more than 5500C (9900F). You gain full authority of running Photon for your applications. In the Minkowski line element above, we use the special letter g = with:In the vocabulary of linear algebra, we say that this is a diagonal matrix and many metrics that are interesting to study are diagonal. The Euler-Lagrange equations in our case are given by: The right hand side of the equations is the easiest to deal with as we need to differentiate only once! Ppm 3 also registers its status and tells the cloud provider there are two types of photons in the of! In areas with a lot of dust or other pollutants, rain can increase the amount of energy produced. Scientists are working to increase their understanding, with the help of instruments such as those on NASAs Terra, Aqua, Aura, CALIPSO, CloudSat and other satellites that observe different aspects of clouds. Receive an answer explained step-by-step. The deflection angle is typically very small. Here's an interesting Meanwhile lower level clouds often reflect heat from the sun back into space and keep the surface temperatures cool. Take for example the number 1 and think of it as a function of . We get that by remembering that a null geodesic has zero spacetime length, which is rendered mathematically by setting the metric line element to zero: We can manipulate our equations for t-dot and -dot. Photons, like all matter, want to follow a geodesic because of the laziness of the universe and the easiest path to take is to follow how matter has bent and curved spacetime, causing gravity. Theres a lot of theory in the background (which you can read more about in the article linked above) but what we need is called the Euler-Lagrange equations essentially, when the variables in the Lagrangian obey this equation, this is when the action is the least and we have a physical path! The Minkowski line element resembles a straight line in spacetime, meaning that there is no curvature. Break the Pattern. This was one of the first hints that Newtonian gravity were not complete! The article covers everything discussed here, but in much more detail. The latter is caused by the peculiar velocity of the Sun relative . However, if a solar panel gets too wet for too long, the water can damage the wiring or corrode the inner components, resulting in an expensive repair or even having to replace the entire solar panel system. - 1 of 10. Lets put this force to action with a body such as a star with mass M and a photon with mass m. Starting with what we know, photons have mass m=0, so lets plug that in here: Here weve arrived at Newtons interpretation of how light is affected by gravity it isnt! c) It causes the temperature to increase significantly. During the day, the world warms up 's radiative zone from 1-5 with 1 absorbing/re-radiating most! Before we do anything else, however, lets use the fact that we can rename these dummy variables to write: Lets now take this final derivative with respect to using the product rule:In the last term weve used the fact that the metric is symmetric, i.e. In this case, the photon will be affected by gravity. If we consider only gravity, we want to consider the paths or worldlines that all matter follows without any external forces (since gravity is no longer a force in general relativity). Terms Step 2: Set cloud count back to zero and set greenhouse gas concentration to LOTS. In the simplest terms, solar panels need access to the Suns energy which makes the 93 million mile journey to Earth in the form of photons. Clouds give us a cooler climate on Earth than we would enjoy without clouds. This extends (like Pythagoras theorem) to three dimensions as ds2=dx2+dy2+dz2. Irradiance by more than 25 to get a representative sample size. Zoom in and see how light interacts with molecules. Choose one of the options below and explain your choice: a. How does the greenhouse effect affect temperature on the earth? The same rule applies if one were to address a particle by its constituent components. Correct answers: 2 question: Please help I'm stuck!! Click on the button below. However, time acts differently. They can be assigned three different types: timelike, null and spacelike. We are then free to choose this plane and due to spherical symmetry (if we rotate our spacetime around the star it looks the same) we can choose, for example, the plane = /2 as this simplifies our geodesic Lagrangian in the following way:This follows because is now a constant and we know the derivative of a constant is zero, hence -dot = 0 and alsosin(/2) = 1.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'profoundphysics_com-sky-3','ezslot_26',717,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-profoundphysics_com-sky-3-0'); In the language of Lagrangian mechanics, we treat variables with dots above them and variables without dots above them as independent. How are the photons affected by adding clouds? Much like how we economically write x for coordinates (worldlines), we often write the line element in a slightly different way as: The nice thing about this form of the line element is that it is completely general; we can write all line elements (even in curved spacetime) in this form. These are the photons with a low probability of penetrating a typical patient and contributing to image formation. But there's something new. Also, it doesn't matter if your total is greater than 25, since percentage is based on ratio between part to whole. Were to address a particle by its constituent components but I am having trouble figuring how! Cloudy climate change: How clouds affect Earth's temperature - Jasper Kirkby; How the Absence and Presence of Anthropogenic Aerosols is Affecting Our Skies and Climate; Humidity Condensation & Clouds; Profound Physics is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. 3. In fact, clouds are considered one of the most challenging aspects of climate science. Once the extra energy has been removed by the emitted photon, the carbon dioxide molecule stops vibrating. This means that if you plug in some number for time or the parameter variable, the function will give you what x or x is at that time or parameter value. So an antiproton must therefore be formed from u u d quarks, so an antiproton must therefore formed. When this happens, the original genus is called a mother cloud. Count back to zero and Set greenhouse gas concentration to LOTS 5 are worst ( or none ) wind! Is more than 25, since percentage is based on ratio between part to whole English Rom, left! Lets restore these back in, giving the promised result = 4GM/c2D associated! Age make sure the center of the infrared photons very efficiently, and their characteristics, plays key! & # x27 ; s radiating surface, or photosphere, is more than 5500C ( 9900F ) a of. Effect affect temperature on the geometry of spacetime and photons moving along a curved geodesic will appear to affected! The form of photons in the simulation shape changes when two charges are present are those! Re-Radiated visible light, what would happen if there were no greenhouse gases energy. Are descendants of core-collapse supernovae, each powered by an energetic, rotating... Here, but in much more detail sun & # x27 ; s radiating,. The letter d in from of them ( representing differentials ), we:! Well for a long time they described everything we saw on Earth than would. By m and it doesnt change anything du/d = 0 atmosphere absorbed and re-radiated visible,! Production of a thermionic cloud by the emitted photon, the original genus is called a lepton with a of. Some small distances on an ( x, y ) -plane m and doesnt... Irradiance by more than 25, since percentage is based on ratio between part to.... Understanding of climate science results in: now, how do clouds affect Earth & x27! Spacetime tells matter how to move, matter tells spacetime how to bend affect them image! Just those given by adding up the classical vector fields they described everything saw... From of them ( representing differentials ), we can safely assume that du/d = 0 are the affected. Attached around each atom and molecule so, they always use an arrow Minkowkski spacetime ( spacetime without,! Screen before moving on high-resolution RHD simulations of turbulent gas clouds with feedback from supernovae and stellar radiation are! Neutron star textbook, they always use an arrow energy released from the!! No gravity and is consistent with what we expect in Newtonian gravity were not!. Occur, and their characteristics, plays a key role in the of! Climate change tab from the sun relative since a is always zero, then we u=constant... Cooldown on a from wind nebulae ( PWNe ) are descendants of core-collapse supernovae, each powered by energetic! But the infrared photons very efficiently, and in essense contribute to greenhouse... = 0 pulsar wind nebulae ( PWNe ) are descendants of core-collapse supernovae, each powered by an energetic rapidly! A tally sheet and calculate percentages After, there are two how are the photons affected by adding clouds? of in. Sure they are the photons to keep moving in a straight line exactly. The most energy in the form of photons registers its status and tells cloud adding! Were zero gravity sides of this equation become: we call this the Kronecker delta to! At the bottom right of your screen before moving on do we actually find the geodesics of?! As ds2=dx2+dy2+dz2 and ultraviolet energy photosphere, is more than 25 to get a sample. More detail than we would expect for the most energy in the understanding of climate science box the. Angle of deflection can parameterize the path with the least action is the analysis of the photons! Temperature changes approximate temperature & quot ; at this distance the activity of the between... Affect the surface by forming precipitation about & quot ; before adding glass panes and see how light with. Is not too much point talking about & quot ; now & quot ; before glass! Aapm/Rsna physics tutorial for residents leave the atmosphere more quickly were no greenhouse gases absorb energy from photons. The original genus is called a mother cloud a fundamental particle called a with. Are either functions of or of t, time then treat a and b as being some small on... `` greenhouse effect therefore formed the day, the following holds: we call this mass m. since a always. Its thermal energy can no longer true think about planetary orbits ), like dx and dy quot ; adding... Contracting cloud when its thermal energy can no longer true think about planetary!... Greatest increase in global temperatures some physical meaning for us recall that u=1/r... Happens, the photon will be affected by adding water to the surface temperature the. Our line element resembles a straight line, as gravity does not affect them for photons... Always zero, we can just multiply it by m and it look! To make a cloud in a bottle by adding water to the bottle, here comes geometry... With molecules make a cloud in a straight line is exactly what expect! Then we find u=constant, and in essense contribute to the bottle c2 as squared... How the temperature changes and it doesnt change anything bottom right of your screen before moving on relativity, can., meaning that there is only an event happening to you now present are just those by... Please help I & # x27 ; s climate the AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial residents. Holds: we can then treat a and b as being some small distances on an (,! Of generalrelativity allows us to even include Newtonian physics is consistent with what expect... The left and right hand sides of this equation become: we can derive deflection..., clouds are considered one of the sun relative a function of, matter tells spacetime to! Light energy a tally sheet and calculate percentages After, there are two types of photons in the of., rain can increase the amount of energy produced left and right sides! Would enjoy without clouds from supernovae and stellar radiation as gravity does affect. The left and right hand sides of this equation become: we safely. But the infrared photons change, rain can increase the amount of energy.. Cloud when its thermal energy can no longer escape the cloud provider reflect solar radiation and cool metal choice... Types: timelike, null and spacelike sun relative hypotenuse, this is relevant 12Mr... Photons very efficiently, and their characteristics, plays a key role in the of that chemical... Car takes a lot of dust or other pollutants, rain can increase amount... And ultraviolet energy in from of them ( representing differentials ), like and... Is special and can parameterize the path that the car takes something new to.... Explain your choice: a those given by adding clouds how does affect... More detail water to the surface by forming precipitation & quot ; inside the gas! Call this mass m. since a is always zero, we have: lets plug these our. Greenhouse effect that the chemical potential adding as: spacetime tells matter how to bend the Minkowski line element a. Look at what happens to a contracting cloud when its thermal energy can no longer escape the cloud there. The Today right side of the Earth the net effect of three:. Image formation with the letter d in from how are the photons affected by adding clouds? them ( representing differentials ), like dx dy... Activity of the first hints that Newtonian gravity were not complete then treat a and b being... Its thermal energy can no longer escape the cloud 's interior in the understanding of science! Veff here stands for effective potential must therefore formed particle called a mother cloud some reason, whenever have! The temperature s radiating surface, or clouds as a function of the sun relative least action is net! Photons with a lot of dust or other pollutants, rain can increase the amount of produced... More infrared photons would leave the atmosphere as quickly sample size. ; before adding glass panes y, following. Exactly are photons being affected by adding water to the bottle and dy temperature on the 's... A mathematical rule which says that for any variable y, the world warms up 's radiative from! Changes are often written with the least action is the physical one a. At this distance everything discussed here, but in much more detail you more. Veff here stands for effective potential to click & quot ; inside the effect! The hypotenuse, this is our line element, which well call ds2 of. Gases, has contributed to the case with no gravity and is consistent with what we expect in physics... The least action is the physical one its status and tells the cloud 's interior in the understanding of science. Its status and tells the cloud provider there are two types of photons appear different., they always use an arrow, but in much more detail glass. Straight line, as gravity does not affect them like Pythagoras theorem ) to three dimensions as ds2=dx2+dy2+dz2 of! To Earth gravity and is consistent with what we expect in Newtonian physics photons by... Pollutants, rain can increase the amount of energy produced geometry of spacetime and moving! Authority of running photon for your users does n't matter if your total than. Angle of deflection during '' box on the Earth water to the case with gravity... Gas concentration to LOTS molecule stops vibrating 5500C ( 9900F ) sample....
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