Migration to and from countries in Southern Africa 1 is driven largely by the pursuit of economic opportunities, political instability and increasingly, environmental hazards. Workshops and village industries were started. The last Pole, Mr. Edward Wjtowicz, was buried in Tengeru in 2015. Bolicza 2, Addresses of Ukrainian This site was spectacularly located on a peninsula jutting out into Lake Victoria. In 1948, the number of Poles in East Africa decreased to 3,497, of which 2,080 lived in Tanganyika. Another transport arrived at the Mombasa port in Kenya on September 19. On November 1, 1944, USS General George M. Randall (AP-115) arrived at Wellington, with 733 children on board. One of them was a cook in the hospital and worked with the local natives in the kitchens, writes Elizabeth Taylor, in her 2012 book Next Stop to Siberia about the members of her family who were deported to Russias Siberian Gulag labour camps and who were later exiled to East Africa. In July 1942 government in London, in consultation with the governors of then Tanganyika, Kenya, Uganda and Nyasa, agreed to settle there Polish refugees for the time of the war. But what happened to the rest of the hundreds of thousands of deportees who did not leave with Anders' army? It triggered an amnesty for the Poles in the USSR. 68p. Between March 24 and April 4, 33,069 soldiers left the Soviet Union for Iran, as well as 10,789 civilians, including 3,100 children. The Koja settlement covered an area measuring over 700 acres and was located on several hills overlooking the lake. Military Archives in Warsaw And from 1939 to 1941, they deported en mass about 1,6000,000 Poles, including 400,000 Jews. THE TRUTH ABOUT JEDWABNE AND HEROIC DEEDS OF THE POLISH NATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY by Prof. Iwo Cyprian Pogonowski, See full text in: http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html. The delicate balance between the Soviet Union and the Western Allies had to be maintained, it seems, at any cost. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February . [5], The evacuation of the Polish people from the USSR lasted from March 24, 1942, for one week, and then again from August 10, 1942, until the beginning of September. The Refugee Office of the British colonial government in Nairobi handled the resettlement. Some, no doubt, are still there. page http://www.archiwa.gov.pl/, PIASA: http://www.piasa.org/polisharchives.html By the end of 1945, another 4,300 were evacuated to Lebanon; by 1946, that number rose to 6,000. For the 733 children and 102 adults it was the end of a long and perilous journey. diseases acquired in the Soviet Union which continued to rob the refugees of People kept their own gardens, with vegetables. Some of the women, however, became understandably worried at the thought of life in Africa. From 1942 to 1949, Gerech lived with her siblings and parents in a simple thatched hut in Tengeru in what was then the British-administered territory of Tanganyika (now Tanzania). and Polish archives The majority refused to return to the country. The resettlement from Abercorn was called Operation Polejump. . World War II. living conditions and brought the devastating contagious diseases under control, They ended up in Iran, India, Palestine, New Zealand, and British Africa, as well as in Mexico. There were several waves of deportations during which families were sent to barren land in the Soviet Union. The Polish civilian population could not stay in Iran for along time due to the tense international situation and the threat of a German offensive. Such was the lot of Polish underground courts prosecuted traitors and criminals during the war. There was also a simple apprenticeship system for the youth. 20sm. Following the official closure of the internment camps and refugee settlements after the war in 1946-47, the country inherited the present Vengere Township in Rusape,4 Diggleford School recruited families willing to take in a hundred orphans. POLISH REFUGEES IN EAST AFRICA, 1942-1946 description Object description Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation helpers looking after the large party of refugee women and children. She hoped we would return to Poland some day. it housed several camps for the thousands of orphaned Polish children, it Children were taken care of by the Polish Red Cross and residents of Bombay. his evil empire. itd. The settlements in Koja and Tengeru ended their activities only in the second half of 1952. Many were in Warsaw during the brutal German air and land bombardment, the majority have lost husbands, parents, or other relatives. Gdansk: http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, The Archives of New Records A Polish woman and her grandchildren at an American Red Cross evacuation camp in, Evacuation of Polish civilians from the USSR in World War II. Harvard University. They were boys and girls aged 14 to 18, who while in Soviet Union were members of a scout organization of the Polish Army. Only three or so trips were allowed, so, sadly, those who arrived too late were unable to get out. In 1940, following the invasion and annexation of large parts of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, there was a mass de-Polonisation of the occupied territory, and between 320,000 and one million Polish nationals were rounded up and deported to the Urals and Siberia. Among them 1,000,000 were children under eighteen years of age 1. It is not only near Poland's 500-kilometre border with Ukraine where citizens are keen to show their solidarity with the refugees. In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. Indeed, parts of this region are dotted with monuments and graves of foreign soldiers who fought and died in these parts. Also: Language. Mexico. In Tanganyika, the largest settlement was Tengeru (it had 4,000 refugees) and smaller camps were located in Kigoma, Kidugala, Ifunda, Kondoa, and Morogoro. The second world war was not fought to save the Jews. ch.1,3-4, 1990. Records 1,400 people arrived on board ship, then they were transported to Dar es Salaam. A commandant usually a British official stood at the head of the administration of each of the settlements. World War Two: The deportation of Polish refugees to Abercorn camp in Northern Rhodesia. This bush was cleared by a labour force of 2,000 Ugandans by hand and over a distance of about four kilometres. Christmas celebrations during theSecond World Waroften had to be scaled down or adjusted as restrictions and shortages took their toll. Tehran was a gate, through which we were sent, in groups, to different parts of the world. PHOTO | UGANDA NATIONAL ARCHIVES. From Poland, over Russia and Iran, to Africa. Eventually, they migrated mostly to Australia, Canada, and Great Britain. Durand's grandmother made it to England in 1949. Wherever they went the Polish refugees encountered effusive good will not only on the part of the respective governments that invited them but also on the part of the native populations. The children and the adults were then transported to the North Island, to a town of Pahiatua, where Polish Children's CampPahiatuawas opened in former military barracks. It was in Nairobi, the Kenyan capital, where the exiles got their first glimpse of Africans close up. There she met her husband, a Pole and a survivor of the Majdanek concentration camp. That the Western Allies knew all about the deportations is clear from their relief efforts in their behalf in the Soviet Union and the Middle East. camps, the Nazis murdered from 15,003,000 to 31,595,000 people, most likely 20,946,000 men, women, handicapped, aged, sick, prisoners of war, forced laborers, camp inmates, critics, homosexuals, Jews, Slavs, Serbs, Germans, Czechs, Italians, Poles, French, Ukrainians, and many others. Zustriczi: kwartalnik ukrainski (wersja polskojezyczna). A family carrying their belongings walks at the border crossing between Poland and Ukraine in Medyka, Poland, Feb. 24, 2022, after Russian President Vladimir Putin authorized an invasion of Ukraine. A Polish publication estimated that 556,000 Germans and Poles died in these territories from all causes during this period.30 The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees, and War Victims calculated the loss from 1945 to 1950 as 1,225,000 for Germany's eastern territories.31 The German Statistisches Bundesamt in Wiesbaden put the number at 1,339,000 for just the former eastern territories32 Weighing a variety of such estimates, I calculate the dead for the eastern territories and old Poland as 415,000 to almost 3,100,000, probably around 1,600,000 Reich and ethnic Germans, as given in Table 12.1. west of L'vivin the On the Edges of Whiteness tells their improbable story, tracing the manifold, complex relationships that developed among refugees, their British administrators, and their African . The dead were not included in the census, because . Unfortunately, due to bad health conditions caused by the poor living standard in the Soviet Union and the hardships of traveling, more than 2,100 people (5.7% of the total) died in Iran due to dysentery, typhoid, malaria and diseases caused by malnutrition. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). Maria Gabiniewicz spent six years in Africa, at a camp in Bwana Mkubwa, Northern Rhodesia: "To us, it all looked like a scene from Henryk Sienkiewicz's book In Desert and Wilderness. Abercorn camp 4.1. Approximately 600 Polish refugees were taken to Abercorn in contingents. Residents were associated in a number of cultural and sports associations. Among the deportees 52 percent were Poles, 30 percent were Jews, and 18 percent were Ukrainians and Byelorussians. Polish Genealogical society of America http://www.pgsa.org/. But more stable settlements also emerged such as those in Balachadi, near the city of Jamnagar, and in Valivade, near Kolhapur. Refugees in Poland were, until 2022, a relatively small group. In Tengeru in Tanzania, which was the largest of the camps, they lay wreaths on the single memorial stone that bears one hundred names of people who were interred here. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). As soon as their train drew in to Nairobi station they were met by members of the Polish Red Cross, the Polish Delegation, the Kenya Women's Emergency Organisation, and other officials, and were given refreshments. In 1940-41, several hundred thousand citizens of the Second Polish Republic were deported deep into Soviet Russia, which, as a result of aggression with Nazi Germany, occupied the eastern part of Poland after September 17, 1939. Contact our Media sales & Licensing team about access. The Polish representative to the Potsdam conference claimed there were only 1,500,000, the United States estimated 2,000,000. The food was delivered: rice, flour, meat, salt, sugar, tea, and some coffee. From Persia half of them were deported to East and Southern Africa. The expected end of the war limited further evacuations. The coastline of Lake Victoria consisted of papyrus reeds, scrubby bush and dense forest, ideal breeding ground for mosquitoes and tsetse fly. The State Archive in Rzeszw In the Kidugala settlement, 798 Poles lived near the deserted post-German Protestant mission. Even before the 1941 deportations, it was already agreed that the evacuees were going to East Africa only for "a special or temporary purpose." This agreement was signed on July 30 1941 and enabled all Polish people to be freed for the purpose of forming an Army and help Stalin fight Hitler. (Vydano u spivpratsi z Fundatsiieiu Doslidzhennia Lemkivshyny. Wiesawa Paskiewicz, who stayed at Kolhapur, wrote: "Our daily activities were marked by school, church and scouting. http://www.poland.pl/articles/index.htm?c=421 In November 1947, the action of reuniting military families began, thanks to which about 9,500 people left Africa. (Roman Kryk, red.) In the first stage, more than 30,000 military personnel and about 11,000 children left Krasnovodsk (Turkmen SSR, present-day Turkmenistan) by sea for Bandar Pahlavi. Among the victims on this altar of silence were the 14,500 prisoners of war interned in Kozelsk, Starobelsk, and Ostashkov and 8a Soviet reoccupation of the Borderlands (1944-45) 8b Repatriation (1944-47) Dyrektor mgr Krzysztof Patek How a displaced Polish family found refuge in Tanzania, Tanzania joins projects financier Africa50, Bola Tinubu: Nigeria's political 'godfather', Tinubu declared Nigeria's president-elect. These journeys, often several weeks long, brought new suffering and tens of thousands died from hunger, cold, heat, disease and exhaustion on that trip to freedom. A hundred kilometres west in the town of Lublin, a small Red Cross centre is overflowing with donations from people eager to help. In January 1948, the Commissioner of the East African Refugee Administration wrote a letter about the deportation of the Polish refugees from the Abercorn camp. [18] In late 1942 and early 1943, Polish camps in Iran were located at Tehran, Isfahan, Mashhad, and Ahvaz. Gadam. As for what happened to those who never got out, God only In my view, this toll is the direct and indirect responsibility of the new Polish government (although aided, abetted, and promoted by the Soviets), as I will establish in the next section. By the war's end, 26,121 Southern Rhodesians of all races had served in the armed forces, 8,390 of them overseas, operating in the European theatre, the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre . The costs of maintaining the settlements were covered by the British authorities towards the debt of the Polish government and the Polish Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare reporting to the government in exile in London. By genocide, the murder The soldiers of Anders' army went on to fight in many battles, including the one at Monte Cassino; the civilians, because they could not be repatriated, were forced to remain in foreign lands for the remainder of the war. Thousands died along the way to centers of the newly formed Polish army, mostly due to an epidemic of dysentery that decimated men, women, and children.[10]. A Polish press, located in Palestine and Iran, printed the much-needed educational materials used in refugee schools throughout the Middle East. He reveals them in his book "Flight Across the Sea." They also kept some small livestock such as chicken. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, The Soviets arrested and 4. Additional Polish transports arrived in late 1943. Children were the vast majority of the refugees. Ukrains'kyi arkhiv. 23sm. On August 1, 1946, the financial responsibility for the maintenance of Polish settlements was taken over by the United Nations Administration for Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) and from July 1947 by the International Refugees Organization (IRO). There were already 22 camps, with 18,000 people who like us had gone through different places of exile in the USSR, scattered across British Africafrom Kenya to Cape Colony.[12]. Offices, institutions and offices of the RP, Coronavirus: information and recommendations. At the Polish Institute in London, he found the only existing film footage from the Tanzanian refugee camp where his grandmother had lived. Who is Nigerias president-elect Bola Tinubu? In Ahvaz, "Camp Polonia" was one of the main exit centers for Poles leaving Iran, and the last Ahvaz camp closed in 1945. It was often their first contact with whites, he told DW. They had travelled via Russia, Persia, the Middle East to East Africa where, together with other Polish refugees they will build their own settlements. http://wilson.ctstateu.edu/lib/archives/polish/, http://www.poland.pl/articles/index.htm?c=421, http://www.ap.gdansk.pl/english/linki/poland.php, http://www.loc.gov/rr/european/archiwum.html, http://www.mapywig.org/m/wig500k/MAPA_POLSKI_1_500_000_KRAKOW_11.jpg, http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP7.ADDENDA.HTM, http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part1.html, http://www.iyp.org/polish/history/antypolonizmy/jedwabne_en_124.html, http://www.videofact.com/english/samples/E_2/E19_part2.html, Polish They were coming from the Middle East. Korespondencja - sprawy urze dowe i osobiste (1946-1947). By the end of September 1942, 1,044 people were located in the Ugandan settlement in Masindi, and 510 and 401 respectively in Morogoro and Kondoa in Tanganyika. Eighty percent of the food consumed by the Jews was smuggled into the ghettos by Poles. Their travel and settlement in British protectorates around the world was made possible by the combined efforts of the British government and the Polish government-in-exile in London as the Second World War raged in Europe. The Polish population, both civilian and military, was evacuated to Iran from the Soviet Union in two stages from March to September 1942. UNHCR also aims to improve durable solutions such as local integration opportunities and increase public awareness of refugees and asylum issues. A number of such executions actually took place in Konin and other localities. The majority of applications were citizens of the former Soviet Union (in particular, Chechnya and Ukraine).. The Poles went to the regions in the Soviet Union where the Polish Army was founded under command of General Wadysaw Anders, counting on the protection and the possibility of leaving the Soviet Union together with the soldiers. and intellectuals.3 Some 4,254 of these were uncovered in mass graves in Katyn Forest by the Nazis in 1941, who then invited an international group of neutral representatives and doctors to study the corpses and confirm Soviet guilt.4 For more about Katyn, see: VHO.org. 22, 1941. Northern Rhodesia 3.1. In Eastern Africa, six permanent Polish refugee settlements were established: four in Tanganyika (Tengeru, Kondoa, Ifunda, Kidugala) and two in Uganda (Masindi and Koja). Just in the city of Bydgoszcz, for example, Germans murdered about 10,000 non-Jewish civilians in four months of occupation. They then constructed temporary mud and thatch huts. Language--U. Kholm, 1943. Korespondencja z w?adzami amerykanskimi w sprawie zezwolenia na pobyt i uzyskania obywatelstwa. It was set up in 1942. Her son died young due to an accident; her daughter still lives in South Africa with her grandchildren.[16]. Society volunteers offer a limited research service to members for a reasonable A few hundred people remained in Tanganyika. When Britainwent to waron 3 September 1939 there was none of the 'flag-waving patriotism' of August 1914. The Polish refugees who were going to East Africa were shipped from Iran, or taken from Iran to India and shipped from an Indian port, to different African destinations. Own farms were run. The Millenium of Christianity in Rus'-Ukraine. Within two years of the exiles arrival in Uganda, a unique community life developed in both the settlements, Koja and Nabyeya, which now had primary schools, secondary schools and a secondary economics school. This number does not include those shot for failing or straying out of line during deportation, or disobeying an I will never forget the journey on trucks through the mountains from Ashgabat to Tehran. According to a January 15, 1943, note from Beria to Stalin, 389,041 Polish citizens were freed as a result of that "amnesty.". Notable for their diversity, the Polish refugees were a mix of Catholics, Protestants and Jews, and several pictures exist of them happily mingling with assorted tribesmen and locals. Expulsion from Poland - beginning of wandering. With a few days, Germany invaded Poland, triggering World War II. You can change the settings of your browser at any time. And a few years ago, in 1996 in Chicago, the Poles of Santa Rosa celebrated the 50th anniversary of their arrival in the United States. After twelve days, we reached the port of Beira in Mozambique. Scouting was popular. Some had to travel by land to Ashgabat. 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Kilometres west in the USSR 1, 1944, USS General George M. Randall ( AP-115 ) arrived at,! On a peninsula jutting out into Lake Victoria he found the only existing film footage the! Rice, flour, meat, salt, sugar, tea, and some coffee the city Bydgoszcz! Where his grandmother had lived, was buried in Tengeru in 2015 scrubby and... Transport arrived at Wellington, with vegetables Cross centre is overflowing with donations from people eager help..., USS General George M. Randall ( AP-115 ) arrived at the Mombasa in! Small group made it to England in 1949 breeding ground for mosquitoes and tsetse fly twelve days, invaded! On board not fought to list of polish refugees in east africa and rhodesia the Jews Institute in London, found... Came to Palestine in summer 1942 in Northern Rhodesia, printed the much-needed educational materials used in refugee schools the. Browser at any time adults it was the lot of Polish refugees were taken to camp... 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